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Simulation von Pflanzenbewegungen

Simulation von Pflanzenbewegungen

Abgeschlossenes Forschungsprojekt

Kinematik von ebenen und gekrümmten Pflanzenflächen als biologisches Vorbild für bewegliche Strukturen in der Architektur (Sonderforschungsbereich SFB-TRR 141).

Überblick

Neue Anforderungen an Bauwerke
Pflanzen als Ideengeber für adaptive Strukturen
Biomimetische Arbeitsprozesse im SFB-TRR 141

Projektbeschreibung

Neue Anforderungen an Bauwerke

Die dringende Nachfrage nach einer energieeffizienteren und nachhaltigeren Architektur führt zu einem wachsenden Interesse an adaptiven Gebäudehüllen, die sich an veränderte Umweltbedingungen oder Komfortanforderungen anpassen können. Bis heute wurden diese Systeme technisch entweder durch starre Komponenten oder Textilien konzipiert, die entlang einer geraden Translations- und / oder Rotationsachse durch hoch beanspruchte Scharniere oder Gelenke verbunden sind. Diese Konzepte weisen im Bauwesen aus mehreren Gründen Grenzen auf:

Insbesondere adaptive planare oder gekrümmte Strukturen in größerem Maßstab, z.B. einziehbare Dächer, sind einzigartige Konstruktionen, die einmalig für spezifische Funktionsanforderungen ohne Prototypen oder umfangreiche Testläufe entworfen werden. Das Gebäude ist der Prototyp und muss beim ersten Versuch funktionieren.
Aufgrund des wachsenden Interesses der Architektur an komplexen Geometrien gewinnt die Anpassungsfähigkeit an eine Vielzahl von räumlichen Konfigurationen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Dies ist eine besondere Herausforderung für mittelgroße Bauteile wie z.B. Fassadenelemente. Die Anpassung an unregelmäßige Geometrien kann oft nur mit einer zusätzlichen mechanischen Komplexität erreicht werden, die oft teuer, fehleranfällig und wartungsintensiv ist.

Für kinetische Systeme im Bauwesen sind die Kriterien »Robustheit« und »Anpassungsfähigkeit« meist von großer Bedeutung, während andere Aspekte wie »Genauigkeit« oder »Geschwindigkeit« von geringerer Relevanz sind.

Simulation der Wasserfalle

Simulation einer Hälfte der Venusfliegenfalle

Pflanzen als Ideengeber für adaptive Strukturen

Bewegungen vieler Pflanzenflächen erfüllen diese Kriterien. Blüten und Blätter weisen häufige robuste Bewegungen auf, die für viele biologische Funktionen relevant sind. Sie basieren auf der lokal angepassten Steifigkeit ihrer Komponenten und vermeiden hochkonzentrierte Beanspruchungen. Ein wichtiger Punkt ist die Identifizierung der Bewegungsmuster und der Aktuierungsprinzipien sowie ihr Zusammenspiel mit der Pflanzenstruktur. Pflanzenbewegungen können durch reversible (nastische) Turgoränderungen und durch irreversibles (tropistisches) Wachstum aktiv hydraulisch aktuiert werden. Passive Aktuierung erfolgt durch passiv durch hygroskopisches Aufquellen und Schrumpfen oder durch Kohäsionskräfte. Andere Mechanismen nutzen die Freisetzung gespeicherter elastischer Energie in vorgespannten Strukturen oder werden durch äußere mechanische Kräfte ausgelöst.

Biomimetische Arbeitsprozesse im SFB-TRR 141

Das Projekt zielt darauf ab, das Verständnis der mechanischen Prinzipien, die den Bewegungen von Pflanzenflächen zugrunde liegen, zu verstehen, indem ihre Biomechanik quantitativ analysiert und die Bewegungs- und Aktuierungsmechanismen mit kinetischen FE-Modellen simuliert werden. Die biologischen Vorbilder werden so ausgewählt, dass verschiedene Geometrien enthalten und verschiedene externe und autonome Aktuierungen abgedeckt sind. Parameterstudien an geometrischen und mechanischen Parametern in den FE-Modellen geben einen Einblick in das evolutionäre Form-Struktur-Funktions-Verhältnis der Pflanze. Parallel werden Untersuchungen durchgeführt, ob und wie die Mechanismen abstrahiert, vergrößert und in Strukturen für die Architektur integriert werden können, die sich an die unterschiedlichsten geometrischen und strukturellen Bedingungen anpassen lassen. Die technische Umsetzung erfolgt mit faserverstärkten Kunststoffen mit lokal angepasster Steifigkeit durch unterschiedliche Faserplatzierungen.

Im Rahmen des Projekts wird eine verallgemeinerte und vergleichende Methodik für die Analyse, funktionelle Beschreibung, Simulation und Klassifizierung von Bewegungen ebener, gekrümmter und gewellter Oberflächen in verschiedenen Pflanzenorganen und für den Transfer zwischen der Biologie und der technischen Umsetzung entwickelt.

Projektdaten

Projekttitel:
Kinematische Prinzipien und Bewegungsdesign in formändernden Pflanzenstrukturen (A04)
Förderung:
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Transregio SFB-TRR 141 "Entwurfs- und Konstruktionsprinzipien in Biologie und Architektur. Analyse, Simulation und Umsetzung", GEPRIS-Projektnummer 260964992
Projektpartner:
Institut für Tragkonstruktionen und Konstruktives Entwerfen (ITKE), Universität Stuttgart
Institut für Textiltechnik, Faserbasierte Werkstoffe und Textilmaschinenbau (ITFT), Universität Stuttgart
Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg (PBG), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
Bearbeitung:
Renate Sachse

Veröffentlichungen

Körner, A., Born, L., Mader, A., Sachse, R., Saffarian, S., Westermeier, A. S., Poppinga, S., Bischoff, M., Gresser, G. T., Milwich, M., Speck, T., & Knippers, J. (2018). Flectofold - a biomimetic compliant shading device for complex free form facades. Smart Materials and Structures, 27. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aa9c2f
- Zusammenfassung
- BibTeX
Zusammenfassung
Smart and adaptive outer façade shading systems are of high interest in modern architecture. For long lasting and reliable systems, the abandonment of hinges which often fail due to mechanical wear during repetitive use is of particular importance. Drawing inspiration from the hinge-less motion of the underwater snap-trap of the carnivorous waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda vesiculosa), the compliant façade shading device Flectofold was developed. Based on computational simulations of the biological role-model’s elastic and reversible motion, the actuation principle of the plant can be identified. The enclosed geometric motion principle is abstracted into a simplified curved-line folding geometry with distinct flexible hinge-zones. The kinematic behaviour is translated into a quantitative kinetic model, using finite element simulation which allows the detailed analyses of the influence of geometric parameters such as curved-fold line radius and various pneumatically driven actuation principles on the motion behaviour, stress concentrations within the hinge-zones, and actuation forces. The information regarding geometric relations and material gradients gained from those computational models are then used to develop novel material combinations for glass fibre reinforced plastics which enabled the fabrication of physical prototypes of the compliant façade shading device Flectofold.
BibTeX
@article{korner2018flectofold, abstract = {Smart and adaptive outer façade shading systems are of high interest in modern architecture. For long lasting and reliable systems, the abandonment of hinges which often fail due to mechanical wear during repetitive use is of particular importance. Drawing inspiration from the hinge-less motion of the underwater snap-trap of the carnivorous waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda vesiculosa), the compliant façade shading device Flectofold was developed. Based on computational simulations of the biological role-model’s elastic and reversible motion, the actuation principle of the plant can be identified. The enclosed geometric motion principle is abstracted into a simplified curved-line folding geometry with distinct flexible hinge-zones. The kinematic behaviour is translated into a quantitative kinetic model, using finite element simulation which allows the detailed analyses of the influence of geometric parameters such as curved-fold line radius and various pneumatically driven actuation principles on the motion behaviour, stress concentrations within the hinge-zones, and actuation forces. The information regarding geometric relations and material gradients gained from those computational models are then used to develop novel material combinations for glass fibre reinforced plastics which enabled the fabrication of physical prototypes of the compliant façade shading device Flectofold.}, author = {Körner, A. and Born, L. and Mader, A. and Sachse, R. and Saffarian, S. and Westermeier, A. S. and Poppinga, S. and Bischoff, M. and Gresser, G. T. and Milwich, M. and Speck, T. and Knippers, J.}, doi = {10.1088/1361-665X/aa9c2f}, journal = {Smart Materials and Structures}, title = {Flectofold - a biomimetic compliant shading device for complex free form facades}, volume = { 27}, year = 2018 }
Westermeier, A. S., Sachse, R., Poppinga, S., Vögele, P., Adamec, L., Speck, T., & Bischoff, M. (2018). How the carnivorous waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda vesiculosa) snaps. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 285. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0012
- Zusammenfassung
- BibTeX
Zusammenfassung
The fast motion of the snap-traps of the terrestrial Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) have been intensively studied, in contrast to the tenfold faster underwater snap-traps of its phylogenetic sister, the waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda vesiculosa). Based on biomechanical and functional–morphological analyses and on a reverse biomimetic approach via mechanical modelling and computer simulations, we identify a combination of hydraulic turgor change and the release of prestress stored in the trap as essential for actuation. Our study is the first to identify and analyse in detail the motion principle of Aldrovanda, which not only leads to a deepened understanding of fast plant movements in general, but also contributes to the question of how snap-traps may have evolved and also allows for the development of novel biomimetic compliant mechanisms.
BibTeX
@article{westermeier2018carnivorous, abstract = {The fast motion of the snap-traps of the terrestrial Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) have been intensively studied, in contrast to the tenfold faster underwater snap-traps of its phylogenetic sister, the waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda vesiculosa). Based on biomechanical and functional–morphological analyses and on a reverse biomimetic approach via mechanical modelling and computer simulations, we identify a combination of hydraulic turgor change and the release of prestress stored in the trap as essential for actuation. Our study is the first to identify and analyse in detail the motion principle of Aldrovanda, which not only leads to a deepened understanding of fast plant movements in general, but also contributes to the question of how snap-traps may have evolved and also allows for the development of novel biomimetic compliant mechanisms.}, author = {Westermeier, Anna S. and Sachse, Renate and Poppinga, Simon and Vögele, Philipp and Adamec, Lubomir and Speck, Thomas and Bischoff, Manfred}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2018.0012}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B}, title = {How the carnivorous waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda vesiculosa) snaps}, volume = { 285}, year = 2018 }
Bischoff, M., Sachse, R., Körner, A., Westermeier, A., Born, L., Poppinga, S., Gresser, G., Speck, T., & Knippers, J. (2017). Modeling and analysis of the trapping mechanism of Aldrovanda vesiculosa as biomimetic inspiration for façade elements. Proceedings of the IASS Annual Symposium 2017. Annette Bögle, Manfred Grohmann (eds.) „Interfaces: architecture.engineering.science“. 25-28th September, 2017, Hamburg, Germany, 2017.
- Zusammenfassung
- BibTeX
Zusammenfassung
Within the collaborative research center Biological Design and Integrative Structures (CRC TRR 141), a research team of biologists, architects and engineers from Freiburg, Tübingen and Stuttgart is working on the development of biomimetic and bioinspired structures for implementation in architecture and building construction. One of the projects in this research center deals with the kinematics of planar, curved and corrugated plant surfaces as concept generators for deployable systems in architecture. It is an example for methods of engineering science at the interface between biology and architecture. The contribution will provide an insight into the process of analyzing the waterwheel plant Aldrovanda vesiculosa, a carnivorous plant that catches its prey by a quick closing movement of a snap trap consisting of two lobes attached to a midrib. At a first glance, the mechanism resembles the one of the famous Venus flytrap; however, it appears to be quite different from a mechanical point of view. In fact, a key aspect in the research presented here is the development of mechanical models and performing corresponding finite element analyses of the plant with the aim to obtain a better understanding of the compliant mechanism of Aldrovanda vesiculosa and its actuation. The latter is related to a change in turgor pressure in a so-called motor zone, adjacent to the midrib, possibly combined with prestressing effects. Apart from this scientific contribution to technical biology or reverse biomimetics, the abstraction of the trapping movement and its implementation in a façade element (Flectofold) as an example of biomimetic architectural design are briefly described.
BibTeX
@inproceedings{bischoff2017modeling, abstract = {Within the collaborative research center Biological Design and Integrative Structures (CRC TRR 141), a research team of biologists, architects and engineers from Freiburg, Tübingen and Stuttgart is working on the development of biomimetic and bioinspired structures for implementation in architecture and building construction. One of the projects in this research center deals with the kinematics of planar, curved and corrugated plant surfaces as concept generators for deployable systems in architecture. It is an example for methods of engineering science at the interface between biology and architecture. The contribution will provide an insight into the process of analyzing the waterwheel plant Aldrovanda vesiculosa, a carnivorous plant that catches its prey by a quick closing movement of a snap trap consisting of two lobes attached to a midrib. At a first glance, the mechanism resembles the one of the famous Venus flytrap; however, it appears to be quite different from a mechanical point of view. In fact, a key aspect in the research presented here is the development of mechanical models and performing corresponding finite element analyses of the plant with the aim to obtain a better understanding of the compliant mechanism of Aldrovanda vesiculosa and its actuation. The latter is related to a change in turgor pressure in a so-called motor zone, adjacent to the midrib, possibly combined with prestressing effects. Apart from this scientific contribution to technical biology or reverse biomimetics, the abstraction of the trapping movement and its implementation in a façade element (Flectofold) as an example of biomimetic architectural design are briefly described.}, author = {Bischoff, Manfred and Sachse, Renate and Körner, Axel and Westermeier, Anna and Born, Larissa and Poppinga, Simon and Gresser, Götz and Speck, Thomas and Knippers, Jan}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the IASS Annual Symposium 2017. Annette Bögle, Manfred Grohmann (eds.) "Interfaces: architecture.engineering.science". 25-28th September, 2017, Hamburg, Germany, 2017}, title = {Modeling and analysis of the trapping mechanism of Aldrovanda vesiculosa as biomimetic inspiration for façade elements}, year = 2017 }
Born, L., Körner, A., Schieber, G., Westermeier, A. S., Poppinga, S., Sachse, R., Bergmann, P., Betz, O., Bischoff, M., Speck, T., Knippers, J., Milwich, M., & Gresser, G. T. (2017). Fiber-reinforced plastics with locally adapted stiffness for bio-inspired hingeless, deployable architectural systems. Proceedings of the 21th Symposium on Composites, Bremen, Germany.
- Zusammenfassung
- BibTeX
Zusammenfassung
This paper presents results of the investigation of two biological role models, the shield bug (Graphosoma italicum) and the carnivorous Waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda vesiculosa). The aim was to identify biological construction and movement principles as inspiration for technical, deployable systems. The subsequent processes of abstraction and simulation of the movement and the design principles are summarized, followed by results on the mechanical investigations on various combinations of fibers and matrices with regard to taking advantage of the anisotropy of fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs). With the results gained, it was possible to implement defined flexible bending zones in stiff composite components using one composite material, and thereby to mimic the biological role models. First small-scale demonstrators for adaptive façade shading systems – Flectofold and Flexagon – are proving the functionality.
BibTeX
@inproceedings{born2017fiberreinforced, abstract = {This paper presents results of the investigation of two biological role models, the shield bug (Graphosoma italicum) and the carnivorous Waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda vesiculosa). The aim was to identify biological construction and movement principles as inspiration for technical, deployable systems. The subsequent processes of abstraction and simulation of the movement and the design principles are summarized, followed by results on the mechanical investigations on various combinations of fibers and matrices with regard to taking advantage of the anisotropy of fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs). With the results gained, it was possible to implement defined flexible bending zones in stiff composite components using one composite material, and thereby to mimic the biological role models. First small-scale demonstrators for adaptive façade shading systems – Flectofold and Flexagon – are proving the functionality.}, author = {Born, Larissa and Körner, Axel and Schieber, Gundula and Westermeier, Anna S. and Poppinga, Simon and Sachse, Renate and Bergmann, Paavo and Betz, Oliver and Bischoff, Manfred and Speck, Thomas and Knippers, Jan and Milwich, M. and Gresser, Götz T.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 21th Symposium on Composites, Bremen, Germany}, title = {Fiber-reinforced plastics with locally adapted stiffness for bio-inspired hingeless, deployable architectural systems}, year = 2017 }
Westermeier, A., Poppinga, S., Körner, A., Born, L., Sachse, R., Saffarian, S., Knippers, J., Bischoff, M., Gresser, G., & Speck, T. (2017). Keine Gelenkbeschwerden – Wie Pflanzen sich bewegen und die Technik inspirieren. J. Knippers, U. Schmid & T. Speck (eds.), Baubionik – Biologie beflügelt Architektur, 30 – 39. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie C, Band 82, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart.
- BibTeX
BibTeX
@inproceedings{westermeier2017keine, author = {Westermeier, A. and Poppinga, S. and Körner, A. and Born, L. and Sachse, R. and Saffarian, S. and Knippers, J. and Bischoff, M. and Gresser, G. and Speck, T.}, booktitle = {J. Knippers, U. Schmid & T. Speck (eds.), Baubionik – Biologie beflügelt Architektur, 30 – 39. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie C, Band 82, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart}, title = {Keine Gelenkbeschwerden – Wie Pflanzen sich bewegen und die Technik inspirieren}, year = 2017 }
Poppinga, S., Körner, A., Sachse, R., Born, L., Westermeier, A., Hesse, L., Knippers, J., Bischoff, M., Gresser, G. T., & Speck, T. (2016). Compliant Mechanisms in Plants and Architecture. In Jan Knippers, Klaus G. Nickel, Thomas Speck (Eds.). Biomimetic Research for Architecture and Building Construction. Volume 8 of the series Biologically-Inspired Systems. Springer (S. 169–193). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46374-2_9
- Zusammenfassung
- BibTeX
Zusammenfassung
Plant movements can inspire deployable systems for architectural purposes which can be regarded as ideal solutions combining resilient bio-inspired functionality with elegant natural motion. Here, we first give a concise overview of various compliant mechanisms existing in technics and in plants. Then we describe two case studies from our current joint research project among biologists, architects, construction engineers and materials scientists where the aesthetic movements of such role models from the plant kingdom are analysed, abstracted and implemented in bioinspired technical structures for sustainable architecture. Both examples are based on fast snapping movements of traps of carnivorous plants. The Waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda vesiculosa) captures prey underwater and the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) snaps in the air. We present results on the motion principles gained by quantitative biomechanical and functional-morphological analyses as well as their simulation and abstraction by using e.g. Finite Element Methods. The Aldrovanda mechanism was successfully translated into a similarly aesthetic and functional technical structure, named Flectofold, which exists in a prototype state. The Flectofold can be used as a façade shading element for complex curved surfaces as existing in modern architecture.
BibTeX
@incollection{poppinga2016compliant, abstract = {Plant movements can inspire deployable systems for architectural purposes which can be regarded as ideal solutions combining resilient bio-inspired functionality with elegant natural motion. Here, we first give a concise overview of various compliant mechanisms existing in technics and in plants. Then we describe two case studies from our current joint research project among biologists, architects, construction engineers and materials scientists where the aesthetic movements of such role models from the plant kingdom are analysed, abstracted and implemented in bioinspired technical structures for sustainable architecture. Both examples are based on fast snapping movements of traps of carnivorous plants. The Waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda vesiculosa) captures prey underwater and the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) snaps in the air. We present results on the motion principles gained by quantitative biomechanical and functional-morphological analyses as well as their simulation and abstraction by using e.g. Finite Element Methods. The Aldrovanda mechanism was successfully translated into a similarly aesthetic and functional technical structure, named Flectofold, which exists in a prototype state. The Flectofold can be used as a façade shading element for complex curved surfaces as existing in modern architecture.}, author = {Poppinga, Simon and Körner, Axel and Sachse, Renate and Born, Larissa and Westermeier, Anna and Hesse, Linnea and Knippers, Jan and Bischoff, Manfred and Gresser, Götz T. and Speck, Thomas}, booktitle = {Jan Knippers, Klaus G. Nickel, Thomas Speck (Eds.). Biomimetic Research for Architecture and Building Construction. Volume 8 of the series Biologically-Inspired Systems. Springer}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-46374-2_9}, pages = {169-193}, title = {Compliant Mechanisms in Plants and Architecture}, year = 2016 }

Simulation von Pflanzenbewegungen

Überblick

Projektbeschreibung

Neue Anforderungen an Bauwerke

Pflanzen als Ideengeber für adaptive Strukturen

Biomimetische Arbeitsprozesse im SFB-TRR 141

Projektdaten

Veröffentlichungen

Zusammenfassung

BibTeX

Zusammenfassung

BibTeX

Zusammenfassung

BibTeX

Zusammenfassung

BibTeX

BibTeX

Zusammenfassung

BibTeX

Zielgruppe

Formalia

Services

Organisation

Simulation von Pflanzenbewegungen

Überblick

Projektbeschreibung

Neue Anforderungen an Bauwerke

Pflanzen als Ideengeber für adaptive Strukturen

Biomimetische Arbeitsprozesse im SFB-TRR 141

Projektdaten

Veröffentlichungen

Zusammenfassung

BibTeX

Zusammenfassung

BibTeX

Zusammenfassung

BibTeX

Zusammenfassung

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